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In this, the family name is. Oda Nobunaga ( 織田 信長, , June 23, 1534 – June 21, 1582) was a powerful (feudal lord) of in the late 16th century who attempted to unify Japan during the late. Nobunaga is regarded as one of three unifiers of Japan along with his retainers and. During his later life, Nobunaga was widely known for most brutal suppression of determined opponents, eliminating those who by principle refused to cooperate or yield to his demands. He was both a skilled ruler and keen businessman, economic reformer, strategizing at both the and scales. He was killed when his retainer rebelled against him.
Site of Nagoya Castle (那古野城跡). The goal of national unification and a return to the comparative political stability of the earlier was widely shared by the multitude of autonomous during the Sengoku period. Oda Nobunaga was the first for whom this goal seemed attainable. Nobunaga had gained control over most of (see map below) before his death during the 1582, a coup attempt executed by Nobunaga's vassal,. It is not certain whether Nobunaga was killed in the attack or committed. The motivations behind Mitsuhide's betrayal was never revealed to anyone who survived the incident, and has been a subject of debate and conjecture ever since the incident.
Following the incident, declared himself master over Nobunaga's domains, but was quickly defeated by, who regained control of and greatly expanded the Oda holdings. Oda Nobunaga's successful subjugation of much of enabled the later successes of his allies and toward the goal of national unification by subjugating local under a hereditary, which was ultimately accomplished in 1603 when was granted the title of by following the successful of 1600. The nature of the succession of power through the three daimyōs is reflected in a well-known Japanese idiom: 'Nobunaga pounds the national rice cake, Hideyoshi kneads it, and in the end Ieyasu sits down and eats it.' Early life Oda Nobunaga was born on June 23, 1534, in the Owari domain, and was given the childhood name of Kippōshi ( 吉法師). He was the second son of, a deputy (military governor) with land holdings in.
He is said to have been born in, although this is subject to debate. Through his childhood and early teenage years, he was well known for his bizarre behavior and received the name of Owari no Ōutsuke ( 尾張の大うつけ, The Big Fool of ). He was known to run around with other youths from the area, without any regard to his own rank in society. With the introduction of firearms into Japan, however, he became known for his fondness of firearms. Unification of Owari Province. In 1551, Oda Nobuhide died unexpectedly. Nobunaga was said to have acted outrageously during his funeral, throwing ceremonial incense at the altar.
This convinced many Oda retainers of Nobunaga's mediocrity and lack of discipline. Alienated, they then began to side with his soft-spoken and well-mannered brother,., a valuable mentor and retainer to Nobunaga, was ashamed by Nobunaga's behavior and performed. This had a profound effect on Nobunaga, who later built a temple to honor Masahide.
Succession dispute Although Nobunaga was Nobuhide's legitimate successor, the was divided into many factions, and the clan was technically under the control of Owari's,., the deceased Nobuhide's brother and deputy to the shugo, used the weak Yoshimune as his puppet and challenged Nobunaga's place as Owari's new ruler. Nobutomo murdered Yoshimune when it was discovered that he supported and attempted to aid Nobunaga. Nobunaga persuaded Oda Nobumitsu, a grandfather of Nobuhide, to join his side and, with Nobumitsu's help, slew Nobutomo in, which later became Nobunaga's place of residence for over ten years. Taking advantage of the position of Shiba Yoshikane, Yoshimune's son, as the rightful shugo, Nobunaga forged an alliance with the of and the of, as both clans had the same shugo and would have no excuse to decline. This also ensured that the Imagawa clan would have to stop attacking Owari's borders.
Although Nobuyuki and his supporters were still at large, Nobunaga took an army to to aid after Dōsan's son, turned against him. The campaign failed, as Dōsan was killed in the, and Yoshitatsu became the new master of Mino in 1556.
Elimination of Nobuyuki A few months later Nobuyuki, with support from and, rebelled against Nobunaga. The conspirators were defeated at the, but were pardoned after the intervention of, the birth mother of Nobunaga and Nobuyuki. The next year, Nobuyuki again planned to rebel. Nobunaga was informed of this by Shibata Katsuie, then faked illness to get close to Nobuyuki and assassinated him in Kiyosu Castle. In 1558, he protected Suzuki Shigeteru in the.
By 1559, Nobunaga had eliminated all opposition within the clan and.: 276 He continued to use Shiba Yoshikane as a pretext to make peace with other daimyōs, though it was later discovered that Yoshikane had secretly corresponded with the Kira and Imagawa clans, attempting to oust Nobunaga and restore the 's place. Nobunaga eventually cast him out, voiding alliances created in the Shiba clan's name. Rise to power Battle of Okehazama. Main article: In 1560, gathered an army of 40,000 men and started his march toward, with the pretext of aiding the frail. The of also joined Yoshimoto's forces. Against this, the Oda clan could rally an army of only 2,000 to 3,000. Some of Nobunaga's advisers suggested 'to stand a siege at Kiyosu'.
Nobunaga refused, stating that 'only a strong offensive policy could make up for the superior numbers of the enemy', and calmly ordered a counterattack. Nobunaga's scouts reported that Yoshimoto was resting at the narrow gorge of Dengaku-hazama, ideal for a surprise attack, and that the Imagawa army were celebrating their victories while Yoshimoto viewed the heads.
Nobunaga moved towards Imagawa's camp, and set up a position some distance away. An array of flags and dummy troops made of straw and spare helmets gave the impression of a large host, while the real Oda army hurried round in a rapid march to get behind Yoshimoto's camp.
The heat gave way to a terrific thunderstorm. As the Imagawa samurai sheltered from the rain Nobunaga deployed his troops, and when the storm ceased they charged down upon the enemy in the gorge, so suddenly that Yoshimoto thought a brawl had broken out among his men, only realizing it was an attack when two samurai charged up. One aimed a spear at him, which Yoshimoto deflected with his sword, but the second swung his blade and Imagawa's head. Rapidly weakening in the wake of this battle, the Imagawa clan no longer exerted control over the Matsudaira clan.
In 1561, an alliance was forged between Oda Nobunaga and (who would become Tokugawa Ieyasu), despite the decades-old hostility between the two clans. Nobunaga also formed an alliance with through the marriage of his daughter to Shingen's son. A similar relationship was forged when Nobunaga's sister married of.: 277–78 Tradition dates this battle as the first time that Nobunaga noticed the talents of the who would eventually become Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Siege of Inabayama Castle.
Main article: The Asakura clan was particularly disdainful of the Oda clan's increasing power. Furthermore, had also protected Ashikaga Yoshiaki, but had not been willing to march toward Kyoto.: 281 When Nobunaga launched a campaign into the Asakura clan's domain, Azai Nagamasa, to whom Oichi was married, broke the alliance with Oda to honor the Azai-Asakura alliance which had lasted for generations. With the help of, the anti-Nobunaga alliance sprang into full force, taking a heavy toll on the Oda clan. At the, Tokugawa Ieyasu joined forces with Nobunaga and defeated the combined forces of the Asakura and Azai clans.: 282 The monastery on, with its (warrior monks) of the school who aided the anti-Nobunaga group by helping Azai-Asakura alliance, was an issue for Nobunaga since the monastery was so close to his base of power. Nobunaga attacked Enryaku-ji and razed it in Oct. 1571, killing 'monks, laymen, women and children' in the process.
The whole mountainside was a great slaughterhouse, and the sight was one of unbearable horror.' : 284 Siege of Nagashima and Ishiyama Hongan-ji During the siege of, Nobunaga inflicted tremendous losses to the resistance who opposed samurai rule.
Finally ended when Nobunaga surrounded the enemy complex and set fire to it, killing tens of thousands.: 221–25 He later succeeded in taking their main stronghold at after an 11-year that ended with its surrender. Battle of Nagashino. Main article: One of the strongest rulers in the anti-Nobunaga alliance was, in spite of his generally peaceful relationship and a nominal alliance with the Oda clan.
In 1572, at the urgings of the Shogun, Shingen decided to make a drive for the capital starting with invading Tokugawa territory. Tied down on the Western front, Nobunaga sent lackluster aid to Ieyasu, who suffered defeat at the in 1573.
However, after the battle, Tokugawa's forces launched night raids and convinced Takeda of an imminent counter-attack, thus saving the vulnerable Tokugawa with the bluff. This would play a pivotal role in Tokugawa's philosophy of strategic patience in his campaigns with Oda Nobunaga. Shortly thereafter, the Takeda forces were neutralized after Shingen died from Esophageal cancer in April 1573.: 153–56 This was a relief for Nobunaga because he could now focus on Yoshiaki, who had openly declared hostility more than once, despite the imperial court's intervention. Nobunaga was able to defeat Yoshiaki's forces and send him into exile, bringing the Ashikaga shogunate to an end in the same year.: 281 Also in 1573, Nobunaga successfully destroyed the Asakura and Azai clans,: 156 leading Azai Nagamasa to send Oichi back to Nobunaga and commit suicide. With Nagashima's destruction in 1574, the only threat to Nobunaga was the, now led. At the decisive, the combined forces of Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu devastated the Takeda clan with the strategic use of. Nobunaga compensated for the arquebus's slow reloading time by arranging the arquebusiers in three lines.
After each line fired, it would duck and reload as the next line fired. The bullets were able to pierce the Takeda cavalry armor, who were pushed back and killed by incoming fire. From there, Nobunaga continued his expansion, sending and to the north and to. Surrender of Ishiyama Hongan-ji.
Japan around 1582. The areas in purple show the areas controlled by the Oda in 1560, and the grey area were the territory Nobunaga controlled at the time of his death in 1582. In 1574 Nobunaga became Gondainagon and Ukon'etaishō. By 1576 he was given the title of Minister of the Right ( Udaijin).
The Oda clan's siege of in made some progress, but the Mori clan of the broke the naval blockade and started sending supplies into the strongly fortified complex by sea. As a result, in 1577, Hashiba Hideyoshi was ordered to expand west to confront the Mori clan.
However, said to be the greatest general of his time since the demise of Takeda Shingen, took part in the second anti-Oda alliance. Following his conquest of neighboring forces, the two sides clashed during the which resulted in a decisive Uesugi victory. It was around this time that Uesugi forces began preparations to march on Kyoto. Due to his defeat, Nobunaga's expansion in Noto, Kaga, and Etchū Province area stagnated.
But Kenshin, who prepared to move his armies again after the battle, died from a possible cerebral hemorrhage before moving them. After Kenshin's death and much confusion among his successors, Nobunaga started his campaign again on this area.
Nobunaga forced the Ishiyama Hongan-ji to surrender in 1580 and destroyed the Takeda clan in 1582. Nobunaga's administration was at its height of power and he was about to launch invasions into and. Coup at Honnō-ji and death. Grave of Oda Nobunaga at,. In 1582, Nobunaga's former sandal bearer invaded, laying siege to Takamatsu Castle. The castle was vital to the Mori clan, and losing it would leave the Mori home domain vulnerable.
Led by, reinforcements arrived outside Takamatsu Castle, and the two sides came to a standstill. Hideyoshi asked for reinforcements from Nobunaga.
It has often been argued that Hideyoshi had no need for reinforcements, but asked Nobunaga anyway for various reasons. Most believe that Hideyoshi, envied and hated by fellow generals for his swift rise from a lowly footman to a top general under Oda Nobunaga, wanted to give the credit for taking Takamatsu to Nobunaga so as to humble himself in front of other Oda vassals. In any case, Nobunaga ordered to prepare for an invasion of, and to assist Hideyoshi. En route to, Nobunaga stayed at, a temple in Kyoto. Since Nobunaga would not expect an attack in the middle of his firmly-controlled territories, he was guarded by only a few dozen personal servants and bodyguards.
His son Nobutada stayed at Myōkaku-ji, a temple on the grounds of Nijō Palace, the forerunner to. Mitsuhide chose that time to attack. On June 21, 1582, Mitsuhide took a unit of his men and surrounded the Honnō-ji while sending another unit of Akechi troops to assault Myōkaku-ji, initiating a full.
At Honnō-ji, Nobunaga's small entourage was soon overwhelmed and as the Akechi troops closed in on the burning temple where Nobunaga had been residing, he decided to commit in one of the inner rooms. Unknown to Nobunaga, his son Nobutada died in the fighting before the temple where he was staying. At Honnō-ji, only his young page, remained at his master's side; he was still in his teens. Ranmaru's loyalty and devotion to his lord were widely known and praised during the Edo period. He attended to Nobunaga as he sought a moment of peace to carry out his last act, then Ranmaru likewise killed himself in the same way.
The cause of Mitsuhide's 'betrayal' is controversial. It has been proposed that Mitsuhide may have heard a rumor that Nobunaga would transfer Mitsuhide's fief to the page, Mōri Ranmaru, with whom Nobunaga is alleged to have been in a ritualized homosexual relationship, a form of patronage, known as. Other motives include revenge for Nobunaga's numerous insults and derisive treatment of Mitsuhide, or Mitsuhide's jealousy as Nobunaga had shown greater favor toward another vassal, Hashiba Hideyoshi. Another possible motive is for revenge as Akechi Mitsuhide's mother (or perhaps aunt) was killed because Nobunaga had gone against a peace treaty to which he had previously agreed. In 1579, Nobunaga captured Yakami Castle from Hatano Hideharu by promising Hideharu peace terms. This accomplished Mitsuhide's goal, although Nobunaga betrayed the peace agreement and had Hideharu executed.
According to several stories, this displeased the Hatano family, and a short while later several of Hideharu's retainers murdered Akechi Mitsuhide's mother (or aunt). The situation was fueled through several public insults Nobunaga had directed at Mitsuhide that even drew the attention of some Western observers. However, Mitsuhide's actual motive for attacking Nobunaga at Honnō-ji is not known. Just eleven days after the coup at Honnō temple, Mitsuhide was killed at the and his army was defeated by Hashiba Hideyoshi, who eventually became heir to Nobunaga's legacy.
He is more widely known as Toyotomi Hideyoshi. At the time of Nobunaga's death, he was in control of more than half of the provinces in Japan, the majority of which were in the Kyoto region. Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu Hideyoshi was brought up from a nameless peasant to be one of Nobunaga's top generals. When he became a grand minister in 1586, he created a law that the caste became codified as permanent and heritable, and that non-samurai were forbidden to carry weapons, thereby ending the social mobility of Japan from which he himself had benefited. He was even said to divert rivers to flood enemy villages and clans.
These restrictions lasted until the dissolution of the by the revolutionaries. Hideyoshi secured his claim as the rightful successor of Nobunaga by defeating Akechi Mitsuhide within a month of Nobunaga's death. It is important to note that the distinction between samurai and non-samurai was so obscure that during the 16th century, most male adults in any social class (even small farmers) belonged to at least one military organization of their own and served in wars before and during Hideyoshi's rule. It can be said that an 'all against all' situation continued for a century. The authorized samurai families after the 17th century were those that chose to follow Nobunaga, Hideyoshi and Ieyasu.
Large battles occurred during the change between regimes and a number of defeated samurai were destroyed, became or were absorbed into the general populace. Ieyasu had shared his childhood with Nobunaga as a hostage of the Oda clan. Though there were a number of battles between him and the Oda clan, Ieyasu eventually switched sides and became one of Nobunaga's strongest allies. Policies Militarily, Nobunaga changed the way war was fought in Japan. He developed, implemented, and expanded the use of long, and fortifications in accordance with the expanded mass battles of the period.
The firearms that were introduced by the Portuguese had allowed the establishment of firearm brigades in the army. Once the two important musket factories in Sakai City and Omi province were conquered, it gave Nobunaga superior firepower over his enemies. Nobunaga also instituted a specialized warrior class system and appointed his retainers and subjects to positions based on ability, not wholly based on name, rank, or family relationship as in prior periods. Retainers were also given land on the basis of rice output, not land size.
Nobunaga's organizational system in particular was later used and extensively developed by his ally Tokugawa Ieyasu in the forming of the in. Nobunaga's dominance and brilliance was not restricted to the battlefield, for he also was a keen businessman and understood the principles of and. First, in order to modernize the economy from an agricultural base to a manufacture and service base, castle towns were developed as the center and basis of local economies. Roads were also made within his domain between castle towns to not only facilitate, but also to move armies great distances in short timespans.
Was also expanded beyond China and the, while (southern barbarian) trade with Europe, the Philippines, and Indonesia was also started. Nobunaga also instituted rakuichi rakuza ( 楽市楽座) policies as a way to stimulate business and the overall economy through the use of a free market system. These policies abolished and prohibited and opened once closed and privileged unions, associations and, which he saw as impediments to commerce.
Even though these policies provided a major boost to the economy, it was still heavily dependent on daimyōs ' support. Copies of his original proclamations can be found in Entoku-ji in the city of.
He also developed and established laws to regulate and ease the borrowing of debt. Culture As Nobunaga conquered Japan and amassed a great amount of wealth, he progressively supported the for which he always had an interest, but which he later and gradually more importantly used as a display of his power and prestige. He built extensive gardens and castles which were themselves great works of art.
On the shores of is said to have been the greatest castle in the, covered with gold and statues on the outside and decorated with standing screen, sliding door, wall, and ceiling paintings made by his subject on the inside. During this time, Nobunaga's subject and tea master established the which Nobunaga popularized and used originally as a way to talk politics and business. The beginnings of modern were started and later fully developed in the early. Additionally, Nobunaga was very interested in European culture which was still very new to Japan. He collected pieces of Western art as well as arms and armor, and he is considered to be among the first Japanese people in recorded history to wear European clothes. He also became the patron of the missionaries in Japan and supported the establishment of the first Christian church in Kyoto in 1576, although he never converted to.
The of the Taira is called Ageha-chō (揚羽蝶) in Japanese. Depending upon the source, Oda Nobunaga and the entire Oda clan are descendents of either the or the (specifically, 's branch). His lineage can be directly traced to his great-great-grandfather, Oda Hisanaga, who was followed by Oda Toshisada, Oda Nobusada, and Nobunaga himself. Immediate family Nobunaga was the eldest legitimate son of Nobuhide, a minor warlord from Owari Province, and, who was also the mother to three of his brothers (, and ) and two of his sisters (Oinu and ). Father: (1510–1551). Mother: (died 1594).
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Brothers. (died 1574). (1536–1557).
(1548–1614). (1548–1622). (1549–1570).
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(died 1556). Oda Nobuoki. (died 1555). Oda Hidenari.
Oda Nobuteru. Oda Nagatoshi. Sisters:. (1547–1583). Oinu, married later married Hosokawa Nobuyoshi Descendants Nobunaga married, the daughter of Saitō Dōsan, as a matter of political strategy; however, she was unable to give birth to children and was considered to be barren. It was his concubines and Lady Saka who bore his children. Kitsuno gave birth to Nobunaga's eldest son,.
Nobutada's son became ruler of the Oda clan after the deaths of Nobunaga and Nobutada. His son Oda Nobuhide was a Christian, and took the baptismal name Peter; he was adopted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and commissioned chamberlain.
Main article: Nobunaga appears frequently within fiction and continues to be portrayed in many different anime, manga, video games, and cinematic films. Many depictions show him as villainous or even demonic in nature, though some portray him in a more positive light. The latter type of works include 's film, which portrays Nobunaga as energetic, athletic and respectful towards his enemies. The film portrays him as a saintly mentor of. Nobunaga is a central character in 's historical novel Taiko Ki, where he is a firm but benevolent lord. Nobunaga is also portrayed in a heroic light in some video games such as, and the series.
While in the anime series 'Nobunaga no Shinobi' Nobunaga is portrayed as a kind person as well as having a major sweet tooth. By contrast, the novel and anime series portrays Nobunaga as a literal demon in addition to a power-mad warlord. In the novel The Samurai's Tale by, he is portrayed as an antagonist 'known for his merciless cruelty'. He is portrayed as evil or megalomaniacal in some anime and manga series including and. Nobunaga is portrayed as evil, villainous, bloodthirsty, and/or demonic in many video games such as, and, and the video game series, (and its anime adaptation), and. Nobunaga has been portrayed numerous times in a more neutral or historic framework, especially in the shown on television in Japan.
Oda Nobunaga appears in the manga series, and 's historical fiction The Signore: Shogun of the Warring States. Historical representations in video games (mostly Western-made strategy titles) include, the eponymous series, as well as and. Of the Japanese pop group wrote and performed a song titled '1582' which is written from the perspective of Mori Ranmaru during the coup at Honnō temple. Nobunaga has also been portrayed fictively, such as when the figure of Nobunaga influences a story or inspires a characterization.
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In 's novel, the character Goroda is a of Nobunaga. In the film, Nobunaga is killed by time-travellers. Nobunaga also appears as a major character in the Sengoku Rance and is a playable character in, with his partner being, and. In the anime, in, and the light novel and anime series, he is depicted as a female character. He is the main character of the stage action and anime adaptation of. In 's, Nobunaga is sent to another world to fight against other historical figures and displays equal parts tactical brilliance and gleeful brutality. References.
Hall, John Whitney, ed. The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 4: Early Modern Japan (1991). (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.,.
Encyclopedia of Japan. New York, Roundtable Press, 1991. Eisenstadt S. Japanese Civilization London, University of Chicago Press, 1996. Morton W.
Scott & Olenik J. Kenneth, Japan, Its History and Culture (4th edition). United States, McGraw-Hill company, 1995 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to., a history website dedicated to Oda Nobunaga. at the Samurai Archive.
on.